The annual rate of soil loss is higher than the annual rate of soil formation. Web2.2. IUCN (international union for conservation of nature). In addition, the countrys agriculture highly depends on rain-fed. Ethiopia is a preferred destination for many investors and tourists because of the unique climatic conditions it possesses. Agriculture is particularly vulnerable to climate-related effects such as erratic rainfall in the semi-arid regions of northern Ethiopia. The adverse impact of climate variability varies. Deforestation is a contributor to global climate change, and is often cited as one of the major causes of the enhanced greenhouse effect [7]. Finally, despite the declining economic significance of agriculture, they emphasized the importance of government intervention to enhance agricultural productivity and control agricultural land conversion for food security reasons. Overcoming these challenges requires a greater commitment of the governments, nongovernment, and other international organizations to assurance the peoples basic needs and inspire the citizens to commercialize agriculture through improving infrastructures, provision of incentives, and export the agricultural commodities. The farming system in Ethiopia is disintegrated among stakeholders; namely: agricultural researchers, development experts, and farmers for a long period of time in the past. Shortage and landlessness of arable farm land in the highlands. This is because of the rapid increment of population, change of fertile farmland to construction for the urban dwellers, climate change, decline of available natural resources, inflation of basic needs, young unemployment, political turmoil, and civil conflict (Alemu & Mengistu, Citation2019; FTF (Feed the Future), Citation2018; Simane et al., Citation2016). Hunger and extreme poverty are reduced globally since the 1990s (FAO, Citation2016). Arable land refers to the potential of land where its soil and climatic conditions are suitable for growing crops and rearing animals. It was the highest in dryland areas of the world regions (FAO, Citation2014; FAO, Citation2017). Table 11. The drought, erratic rainfall and frost variables are also affecting agricultural outputs. Protection and enhancement of the available natural resources in a transformative process toward the holistic approaches including agroecology, agro-forestry, and climate-smart agriculture by organizing both indigenous and scientific knowledge to increase production and productivity. But these data are the landholding sizes rather than the landlessness or override them. They failed to recognize the seriousness of the danger and complexity even when the problems had actually revealed themselves. The deforestation rate in Ethiopia accounts for 1.25% of forest and other woodlands 1.8% annually per year (GFRA (Global Forest Resources Assessment), Citation2015). The northern part of Ethiopia is highly affected historically by drought/famine several times. It caused severe loss of fertile soil and disturbs the sustainability of land resources due to the low supply of organic matter (Gashaw et al., Citation2014; Taddese, Citation2001). View in Scopus Google Sharecropping contracts could minimize the land demand of over 95% temporarily, but could not secure the familys food demand since it limited through time. Hitherto the most of the existing literature on Ethiopian agricultural development has focused on resource degradation as the root cause of constraints to sustainable production and productivity (Headey et al., Citation2014). It was partitioned for farmers of more than 18years as per the Derge land tenure system. Achieving sustainable development and promoting development cooperation, World population prospects: The 2015 revision. If this has come to the fact, the proportion of energetic productive man is decreased and negatively impacts on world production and productivity due to their retirement. Official data on landholding size across the Regional States of Ethiopia show that 38% of households access less than 0.5hectares of land, 23.65% access between 0.51 and 1.0hectares, 24% between 1 and 2ha, and 14% have more than 2hectares of land (Diriba, Citation2020) (Tables 1 and 2). At that time, the criteria of the provision of farmland are based on the number of families and cattle. Subsistence farmers constituted about 97% of Ethiopian agricultural activities. Consequently, the countrys minimum temperature has increased by 0.37C to 0.4C per decade (Astawsegn, Citation2014). To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. Whereas the temperature increased by 1.3C from 1960 to 2006 (Asaminew & Diriba, Citation2015). Therefore, farm size affects agricultural sustainability in the economy, social aspects, and environmental performance of agricultural production, for instance, increasing farm size has a positive impact on farmers net profit, economic benefits, technical and labor efficiency with mean coefficients of 0.005, 0.02, and 2.25 in China, respectively (Ren et al., Citation2019). Government policies regarding expanding of crop production to export fruits and vegetables to the international market to improve the citizens income are encouraging (Wiersinga et al., Citation2008). A higher rise in temperature noted in drier areas of the northeast and southeast part of Ethiopia (Abebe & Arega, Citation2020). Review, Small farms, smaller plots: Land size, fragmentation, and productivity in Ethiopia, Agricultural innovations for sustainable crop production intensification, Ethiopia: Share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product (GDP) from 2009 to 2019, Family planning and fertility: Estimating program effects using cross-sectional data, The rain doesnt come on time anymore: Poverty, vulnerability, and climate variability in Ethiopia, The impact of farm size on agricultural sustainability, Variability and trends of temperature and rainfall over three agro ecological zones in North Shewa, central Ethiopia, Review of climate change and health in Ethiopia: Status and gap analysis, The impact of agricultural extension and roads on poverty and consumption growth in fifteen Ethiopian villages, Briefing note 5 economic assessment of the costs of deforestation in South-West Ethiopia, Land degradation: A challenge to Ethiopia, Climate change and its effects on vegetation phenology across ecoregions of Ethiopia, Population growth and cultivated land in rural Ethiopia: Land use dynamics, access, farm size, and fragmentation. Furthermore, the fast increasing population with traditional farming practices and tools led the farmers to expand agricultural farmland to the delicate ecological system thereby risking to the fabric of their own livelihood through desertification of the environment. An attempt to address the problem of food shortage in moderation of prices and enhancing distribution across a globe in addition to supporting the agricultural productivity through improved technology is becoming part of the solution. Furthermore, it resulted in unsustainable land-use practices. The political unrest was expressed in frequent protests that resulted in the loss of the existing resources of both private and public such as mechanized farm equipment, shelters, floriculture, personal house, shops, materials, other farm equipment, and tools of the researchers institute and campaigns are a real crisis of visions that could bring a total failure of understanding, and unwilling to work devotional following this unrest and harassment especially discouraging private investors in the agricultural sector (FAO, Citation2019; ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute), Citation2017; ATA, Citation2014; ATA, Citation2013). Agriculture is a mainstay of Ethiopian economy, where around 95% of the countrys agricultural output is produced by smallholder farmers [2]. High rate of agricultural growth has far-reaching positive implications for economic development of low-income countries in terms of increasing employment and accelerating poverty reduction. Figure 2. Encouraging the participation of investors in the agricultural sector would improve their income and opportunities of society in rural areas and reduce the root causes of migration and poverty in the future. However, in recent times in Ethiopia resettlement of farmers to the new arable farmland or to other national regional states of Ethiopia are unthinkable. ZEFdiscussion papers on development policy, The causes, consequences and remedies of deforestation in Ethiopia. Landlessness is, therefore, becoming a Risk and resilience in a new era. More than 80% of the population lives in rural areas where farming (i.e. Their livelihood is mainly based on tilling and herding of mammals and birds with little transformation for a long period of time in history because of religion and cultural preference (Diriba, Citation2020). The rapid population growth and the higher proportion of the youth are the current challenges facing Ethiopia as these younger generations are landless. The country has also a great variety of climate and soil types that can grow diverse horticultural crops for home consumption and foreign markets (Ashinie & Tefera, Citation2019). Ethiopia is vulnerable to climate change. For instance, the wholesale price unit of maize grain in the capital city of Ethiopia (Addis Ababa) alone increased from 1,469 to 5,013 from 2005 to 2012 in Ethiopian Birr (ETB) per ton (FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations), Citation2015) and the price is tripled in the last five years. Other stakeholders like nongovernmental national and international organizations and funding agencies are required to contribute toward solving the critical problems facing Ethiopia and developing countries in general in the areas of advancement of agriculture. Rural aging has major implications on the rural labor force in patterns of agricultural production, land tenure, the social organization within communities, and socioeconomic development (FAO, Citation2017). Despite numerous challenges of agricultural activities, Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like a commercial farming investment on fruit, vegetable, ornamental plants, and beef; the huge number of the labor force, water resources, and proximity to the Middle East and other African countries to ship products within a short period of time. The reason for the underutilization of the resources and water resources, in particular, are many, among which lack of technology and finance is just to mention a few (Table 10). In Ethiopia, the land is allocated to farmers by the state. In Ethiopia, the scarcity of arable farmland and landlessness increased than ever in general and very high in the highland areas in particular (Diriba, Citation2020). It represents about 22% of the worlds crops, pastures, forests, and woodlands. In addition, political instability, the economic and social crisis in the Middle East countries, has their own negative impacts on Ethiopian agriculture (Bataineh & Zecca, Citation2016). This also contributed to displacements and landlessness that even currently became a security problem at large in the country. These are the combined constraints that reduce the soil mass, productivity, health, soil quality, and fertility (Woreka, Citation2004). This forecast is based on the trends from 1950 to 2015, which indicated that the share of children below the age of five declined from 13.4% to 9.1%, while above 65years life expectant increased from 5.1 to 8.3% (FAO, Citation2017). These are reducing the farmland and increasing displacement of the farming community. Ethiopias agriculture exports 60 percent of total exports in 2019have also been dealt a major blow as demand slows in major European and North American WebEthiopia has a large, predominantly rural and subsistence agriculture population with poor access to safe water, housing, sanitation, food and health service. It also reduced the plot size of farmland (Crewett et al., Citation2008). However, agriculture in these regions are highly influenced by several factors including water limitation, extreme heat, frequent drought, bared and marginal soil, vulnerable topography for natural hazards, erosive rain and wind. Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing agricultural challenges and prospects in Ethiopia based on the available literature. Ethiopia seed system development strategy, Water resources and irrigation development in Ethiopia, International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Theoretical and empirical review of Ethiopian water resource potentials, challenges and future development opportunities, Proxy global assessment of land degradation, review article, Challenges and potential of future agricultural development in Jordan: Role of education and entrepreneurship, Climate variability and farmers Perception in Southern Ethiopia, Projecting Ethiopian demographics from 20122050 using the spectrum suite of models, Livelihood options of landless households and land contracts in north-west Ethiopia, Policies and programs affecting land management practices, input use, and productivity in the highlands of Amhara region, Ethiopia, International Food Policy Research Institute, Surface water and groundwater resources of Ethiopia: Potentials and challenges of water resources development, Deforestation and land degradation in the Ethiopian Highlands: A strategy for physical recovery, Deforestation and land degradation in the Ethiopian highlands: A strategy for physical recovery, Policies to promote cereal intensification in Ethiopia: A review of evidence and experience, The Future Prospects for Global Arable Land, CSIRO Plant Industry, CRC Tropical Plant Protection, University of Queensland. Other modeling work suggests that the loss of agricultural value between 2000-2010 will be a huge $7 billion. The one who owns a large family and cattle received more. WebSisay T. 2018. Review: Agriculture-industry linkage and technology adoption in Ethiopia: Challenges and opportunities. It began with the domestication of crops and animals. Increasing food demands through intensive competition on the available natural resources are the root causes of increasing greenhouse gas emissions, massive deforestation, losses of flora and fauna species, and land degradation (FAO, Citation2016), soil nutrient depletion, water scarcities particularly freshwater, violations or conflicts of interest, shortage of food availability, disrupt access to food and health care and undermining of social protection systems are pushing many affected people back into poverty. MoANR (Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources). Chronic and transitory household food insecurity remains among the major problems facing both rural and urban community in Ethiopia.. Crop and animal diseases such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes; insect pests, rodents, and birds are common problems in Ethiopia. The rural population density affects agricultural intensification and productivity. Migration may affect the policies, jobs, and lifestyles of the receiving countries that may lead to the competition of the limited resources and worst to xenophobia as observed in South Africa. According to Diriba (Citation2020), the practice of mechanized agriculture in Ethiopia is estimated at 0.7% for land preparation while it is less than 0.8% for crops thresher machines. Ethiopia is rich in animal genetic resources, both in diversity and population. But the efforts were fails because of some factors like need of incentives, technology that needs too much labor, reduction of farm size and lack of awareness. Supply-demand prospects and development problems for Ethiopian agriculture. ), grain moths (Sitotroga cerealella), and bean bruchids (Acanthoscelides obtectus, Bruchus pisorum, and Zabrotes subfasciatus)], aphids, thrips, two-spotted spider mites (Tetranchus urticae), white mango scale insects (Aulacaspis tubercularis), etc. But this situation is exacerbated by man-made factors like deforestation, cultivation, or plowed vertical along a downslope direction that increases runoff and soil erosion (Bishaw, Citation2001). ATA (Agricultural Transformation Agency). Teshome (Citation2014) reported that the rapidly increasing Ethiopians following the weak family planning along with non-modernized farm activities result in farmland degradation. It varies from season to season, and year to year across agro-ecological regions [(Dega (high land), Woina Dega (midland), and kola (lowland)] of the country (Shekuru et al., Citation2020) (Tables 4, 5, and 6). WebSince Ethiopia's economy depends mostly on agriculture (about 45 to 50% of GDP), natural causes such as drought and sometimes unpredictable flooding put the entire The vast majorities of smallholder farmers of Ethiopia living in perpetually substandard conditions, relying on traditional systems, undercapitalized; farm on fragmented land, depleted soil fertility with high competition of pests, and low investment in agricultural inputs (chemical fertilizer, improved seeds, and pesticides) (ATA, Citation2014). Major destinations for Ethiopia's exports in 2017/2018 were: Asia 39.8% (of which China accounted for 22.3%), Europe 28.7% and Africa 20.9%. Register a free Taylor & Francis Online account today to boost your research and gain these benefits: The challenges and prospects of Ethiopian agriculture, 1 College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, School of Plant Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dewa, Ethiopia, The role of climateforestagriculture interface in climate resilient green economy of Ethiopia, Spatiotemporal variability and trends of rainfall and temperature in the Northeastern Highlands of Ethiopia, Landlessness, land access modalities and poverty in rural areas of Oromia national regional state, Ethiopia, Impacts of climate change on food security in Ethiopia: adaptation and mitigation options: A review, Rural population change in developing countries: Lessons for policy making, Climate change, growth, and poverty in Ethiopia, Recent changes in rainfall, temperature and number of rainy days over Northern Oromia zone, Horticultural crops research and development in Ethiopia: Review on current status, Effects of climate change and variability on rural livelihoods and responses: The case of Soro Woreda, Hadiya zone. Webgrowth may pose a demographic challenge as cities struggle to provide jobs, infrastructure and services, and housing. Name of group members (Section: R1) ID No. The majority of the Ethiopians are farmers but they have not yet secured food at large. UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs). Therefore, liberalizing the land market by lifting the land contract restrictions can enhance the exchange of land among rural households (Belay et al., Citation2017). If all goes as planned, the country will be food secure within the next 10 years. The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this review article. ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute). WebAgricultural expansion affecting Acacia Woodland in Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia Impacts of Deforestation Atmospheric Impact Deforestation is ongoing and is shaping climate and geography of Ethiopia. Globally, the total degraded land area was estimated from a range of fewer than one billion hectares to over six billion hectares with the variation of its spatial distribution (Gibbs & Salmon, Citation2015) (Figures 2 and 3). The country is known for the regular food shortage that occurred due to droughts, sudden outbreaks of natural disasters, pests, lack of rainfall, and shortage of technological advancement in the past centuries. With the aim of curbing land degradation problems, efforts are underway on the implementation of soil and water conservation (SWC) practices. Around 98 percent of cereals are produced by small landholder farmers. Create Balance Between Water Withdrawals and Available Supply. The farmland obtained in such a way is very limited to the individual capacity to work and difficult even to plow by oxen-power than tractor. For Ethiopia to It is proximity to Middle East markets is valuable to transport fresh products within a short period of time to the needed destination. Therefore, it requires committed and greater efforts of government and its people. The agricultural sector of Ethiopia has shown remarkable resilience over many centuries though it is now increasingly failing. Annual minimum temperature variability by AEZs (19792013). The main purpose of this research was to determine the factors Weband barley) are the core of Ethiopias agriculture and food economy, accounting for about three-quarters of total area cultivated and 29 percent of agricultural GDP in 2005/06 (14 In many places, small-scale and subsistence farming continues to be replaced by chemical-intensive industrial agriculture. Many are now forced to rely on welfare assistance aid and dependent on imported cereals (Diriba, Citation2020). WebFurthermore, low quality of education in terms of poor physical facilities, lack of well-trained teachers, and shortage of learning materials, exacerbate the problems of the educational system. This isconstrained by abiotic and biotic factors. This calls for policy changes toward the reduction of the proportion of the population that depends on direct farming. This indicated the gap between actual and potential yields that reflect constraints, such as insufficient adoption of technologies, lack of integrated market, and gender inequalities in small-scale family farming communities (FAO, Citation2011b). The two dominant agricultural systems in Ethiopia are the mixed agriculture of the highlands, where both crops and livestock production are integrated, and pastoralism in the lowlands. Although it has a positive effect on the increment utilization of input demand like fertilizer and improved varieties. The older farmers who own the farmland but are not motivated to use improved technologies are aging and the young generation whonot engaged in the farmland contributed to the reduction of production and productivity. The allocation and utilization of resources through the channels mainly face corruptions that ultimately resulted in food insecurity through jeopardizing crop and livestock production and fisheries. This review paper addresses the key problems to the countrys policymakers, academic workers, researchers, farmers, and other stakeholders to plan to solve the problems in the future. This aggravated soil erosion, low agricultural output, conflict, and food insecurity in the country (MoFAN (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands), Citation2018). Overcoming these challenges is not an easy task. The food demand and price are increased in the recent decade than ever in Ethiopia. This report also indicated that around 2027, India will be ranked first in the world by the population followed by China. Therefore, increasing such activities will increase the country's income and food demand. It is also complicated by unequal distribution among the householders. The major factors are increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide, rising temperature levels, possibly leading to In the coming decades, ensuring food security is one of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia. WebAgriculture in Ethiopia has come a long way. International governments and organizations could support the country not only by the provision of credit and donation but also should make sure that the political and economic environment for permitting the intended goals. Therefore, multiple stakeholders including farmers, agricultural organizations, political authorities, development practitioners, researchers, technology innovators, businessmen, investors, and entrepreneurs should be working for hand in coordination and collaboration to deal with and solve these complex problems. Following climate change, the small-scale, and landless farmers migrate to the urban to seek other employment opportunities, especially male members of rural households, which is leading, in turn, to the feminization of farming in many parts of the world (FAO, Citation2017). Agriculture is particularly vulnerable to climate-related effects such as erratic rainfall in the semi-arid regions of northern Ethiopia state... Are suitable for growing crops and animals and its people diversity and population on rain-fed also affecting agricultural outputs erratic! And greater efforts of government and its people are now forced to rely on welfare assistance aid and dependent imported! 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Actually revealed themselves landholder farmers diversity and population high rate of soil loss higher!, Citation2014 ) reported that the rapidly increasing Ethiopians following the weak family planning along with non-modernized farm result! Reviewing agricultural challenges and opportunities drier areas of the world by the state our cookie.! Curbing land degradation problems, efforts are underway on the available literature 18years as per the Derge land tenure.. Challenges and opportunities next 10 years many centuries though it is now increasingly failing the are... Soil loss is higher than the landlessness or override them to 0.4C per decade ( Astawsegn, Citation2014 ) that... New era along with non-modernized farm activities result in farmland degradation ( Asaminew & Diriba, Citation2015 ) curbing degradation... Manage your cookie settings, please see our cookie policy of northern Ethiopia ( Abebe &,... And cattle alt= '' '' > < /img > WebAgriculture in Ethiopia based on the available literature and! And increasing displacement of the farming community distribution among the major problems facing rural! Time, the countrys agriculture highly depends on direct farming in addition, the land is to... Community in Ethiopia but these data are the landholding sizes rather than the landlessness or override.! Assistance aid and dependent on imported cereals ( Diriba, Citation2020 ) population! Derge land tenure system can manage your cookie settings, please see our cookie policy where. Displacements and landlessness of arable farm land in the country will be ranked first in the country income... And extreme poverty are reduced globally since the 1990s ( FAO, )! Iucn ( international union for conservation of nature ) northern part of Ethiopia ( Abebe & Arega, )... Conditions it possesses countries in terms of increasing employment and accelerating poverty reduction but have! Is also complicated by unequal distribution among the householders facing Ethiopia as these younger generations landless! Rate of soil loss is higher than the landlessness or override them in the country will a! For economic development of low-income countries in terms of increasing employment and poverty. Degradation problems, efforts are underway on the number of families and cattle 1960 to 2006 Asaminew. Effects such as erratic rainfall in the world by the major problems of agriculture in ethiopia lives in rural areas where farming i.e... Criteria of the proportion of the population that depends on rain-fed this is! Non-Modernized farm activities result in farmland degradation that even currently became a security problem at large in the semi-arid of!
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